Section 13, 14 and 444 of C.P.C. and S. 41 of the Indian Evidence Act

Open the Code of Civil Procedure and look for section 444. You will not find it: the Code ends at section 158. The syllabus line is a typing slip, and the section the paper setters mean is s.44A, the provision on decrees from reciprocating territories. Similarly, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 named in the syllabus has been replaced since 1 July 2024 by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023. Knowing which section the examiner means, and what it is called today, is the first mark of the answer.

In two minutes

Section 13 makes a foreign judgment conclusive subject to six exceptions, s.14 presumes the competence of a foreign court from a certified copy, s.44A lets superior-court money decrees of reciprocating territories be executed directly, and s.41 of the old Evidence Act (now BSA s.35) makes status judgments conclusive.

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