Principles of Taxation Law

Unit 1 — TAXES – AT A GLANCE

History of Taxation in India · Classification of Taxes: Direct vs. Indirect Unit Difference between Tax, Fee, Cess, and Surcharge III Unit Characteristics and Objectives of Taxation IV · Canons of Taxation: Classical (Adam Smith) and Modern Canons Unit Taxation & Constitution of India VI Unit Basic Concepts: VII • Tax Avoidance · Tax Evasion · Tax Planning

• History of Tax Law in India
• Constitutional provisions relating to Taxation
• Nature and Scope of Tax

Unit II — TAX AUTHORITIES AND TAX ADMINISTRATION

Introduction to Tax Administration in India Unit Appointment, Jurisdiction and Powers of Tax Authorities (Chapter XIV of the II Income Tax Act, 2025) Unit Summons III Unit Power of Search and Seizure under Section 132 IV · Doctrine of “Reason to Believe”

• Types of Assessment Income Tax Authority: Their function, Duties and Powers, Appeal, Offences, Fines and Penalties, Settlement of grievances and Prosecution, Income Tax Act, 1961, Income Tax Rules

Unit III — BASIC CONCEPTS & IMPORTANT TERMS

Assessee · Tax Year under the Income-tax Act, 2025 and transitional relevance of Assessment Year/Previous Year under the Income Tax Act, 1961. Unit Income III Unit Person IV · Residential Status of Assessee Unit Scope of Total Income VI Unit Agricultural Income and Its Tax Treatment VII

• Definition: Persons, Assessees, Previous year, Assessment years, Financial year, Income, Gross Taxable Income, Taxable Income, Agricultural Income, Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance

Unit IV — VARIOUS HEADS OF INCOME

Part I – Income from Salaries · Basis of Charge · Characteristics of Salary · Employer-Employee Relationship · Allowances and Perquisites · Deductions from Salary · Part II – Income from House Property · Basis of Charge · Annual Value and its Computation · Deemed Ownership Unit Part III – Profits and Gains from Business or Profession III • Scope of Business or Profession · Chargeability and Deductions · Depreciation and Disallowed Expenses · Part IV – Capital Gains · Definition of Capital Asset · Short-Term vs. Long-Term Gains · Computation of Capital Gains · Part V – Income from Other Sources · Nature and Scope of Residual Income · Family Pension, Dividend Taxation, and Other Items · New development (Sec. 68 onwards)

• Income Tax, Residential Status: Rules (Sec.6)
• Heads of Income: Income from Salary, House property, Business and Profession, Capital Gain and other sources

Unit V — DEDUCTIONS, REBATE AND RELIEF

Introduction · Important Deductions Unit Relief and Rebate in Respect of Income-Tax III

• Tax Liability Exemption, Deduction, related to individual, Expenses & Income, Rebate, Deemed income and clubbing of income
• Calculation of Gross Total and Taxable income, Tax rebate and Computation of Tax Liability

Unit VI — INTERNATIONAL TAXATION

Introduction to International Taxation · Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA) Unit Permanent Establishment III Unit Transfer Pricing IV · General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR)

Unit VII — INDIRECT TAX – AN OVERVIEW

Constitutional Background of GST · Structure and Framework of GST Unit GST Council – Composition and Powers III Unit Key Concepts – Supply, Levy, and Collection IV

• Goods and Service Tax: - law, procedure, applicability, assessment, advance ruling