Environmental Law

Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad · LL.B. Semester 7

Unit I — Introduction

Introduction, the meaning and definition of environment, ozone Depletion, global Warming, climatic changes, need for the preservation, conservation and protection of the environment, environmental degradation and pollution - Kinds, causes and effects of pollution

Environment, its components, and factors affecting the quality of environment

Unit II — Remedies Prior to the Environmental Laws

Common Law remedies against pollution - nuisance negligence, and theories of Strict Liability & Absolute Liability, Relevant provisions of Bharathiys Nyaya Sanhitha (BNS old I.P.C.), Bharathiya, Nagarik Suraksha Sanhitha (BNSS old Cr.P.C.) and Bharthiya Sakya Adhiniyam (BSA old C.P.C.), for the abatement of public nuisance in pollution cases.

Unit III — International Efforts on Environment

Emergence or Need for International Environmental Law, Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, 1972, The Role of UNEP in the protection of the environment, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit - I), 1992, kyoto Protocol 1997, Johannesburg Convention (Earth Summit - II), 2002, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) 2015 Ozone Depleting Substances Regulation Rules, 2000 Road Map from MDG to SDG. · Cases: · 1. Trial Smelter Arbitration Case (USA v CANADA, 1938) · 2. Argentina v Uruguay (Pulp Mills Case, 2006) · 3. Costa Rica v Nicaragua, (2018) · 4. Fadeyeva v Russia (2005) · 5. Bear Creek Mining Corporation v Republic of Peru (2017)

Environment Protection from International Perspectives — Stockholm Conference, Rio Declaration and Johannesburg Declaration

Unit IV — Constitutional Perspectives

Fundamental Rights, right to wholesome environment, Restriction on freedom of trade, profession and occupation for the protection of the environment, Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties · Cases: · 1. MC Mehta v Union of India 1986 SCR (1) 312 · 2. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v UOI AIR 1996 SC 1466 · 3. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v UOI AIR 1996 SC 2715 · 4. Ratlam Municipality v Vardichand AIR 1980 SC 1622 · 5. A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof M.V. Nayudu (1999) 2 SCC 718 · 6. Subhash Kumar v State of Bihar AIR 1991 SC 420 · 7. Church of God [Full Gospel] in INDIA v KKR Majestic Colony Welfare Association AIR 2000 SC 2773 · 8. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union of India & Ors AIR 1996 SC 982 o M C Mehta · v. Union of India, W.P. 13381 of 1984 · 9. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 734 · 10. M.C. Mehta [Badhkal and Suratkund Lakes Matter] v Union of India W.P © No. 4677/ 1985 · 11. M.C. Mehta v Kamal Nath (1997) 1 SCC 388 o Bombay Environmental Action Group v State of Maharashtra AIR 1991 Bom 301 · 12. N.D. Jayal v Union of India AIR 2004 SC 867

Constitutional Provisions relating to rights and duties of people and government

Unit V — Specific Laws on Environment-I (Water, Air and Noise Pollution)

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981, Noise Pollution and Control Legal Control (IPC, 1860) Noise Pollution Regulations and Control Rules, 2000 Courts of balancing: permissible and impermissible noise. Cases: · 1. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v UOI AIR 1996 SC 2715 · 2. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India [(1996) 6 SCC 756] · 3. M.C. Mehta v Kamal Nath (1997) 1 SCC 388 o Ratlam Municipality v Vardichand AIR 1980 SC 1622 · 4. A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof M.V. Nayudu (1999) 2 SCC 718 · 5. State of MP v Kedia Leather & Liquor Ltd AIR 2003 SC 3236 · 6. Delhi Bottling Company v CPCB AIR 1986 Del 152 · 7. The Member-Secretary, Kerala State Board for Prevention & Control of Water Pollution Kawadiar, Trivandrum v. The Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing (Weaving) Co. Ltd, Kozhikode AIR 1986 Kerala 256 · 8. Modi Distilleries v State of UP Pollution Control Board AIR 1987 SC 227 · 9. In Re. Bhavani River – Shakti Industry AIR 1998 SC 2059 · 10. UP Pollution Control Board v M/s Mohan Meakins Ltd [2000(2) SCALE]

Unit VI — Specific Laws on Environment-II (Environmental Protection Laws)

The Environmental Protection Act 1986, Protection agencies: power and functions, Protection: means and sanctions, Environment Impact Assessment, Judiciary: complex problems in the administration of environmental justice Cases: · 1. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (2011) 8 SCC 161 · 2. Lafarge Umiam Mining Lts v. Union of India (2011) 7 SCC 338 · 3. MC Mehta v Union of India 1986 SCR (1) 312 · 4. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. UOI AIR 1996 SC 1466 · 5. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. UOI AIR 1996 SC 2715 · 6. Ratlam Municipality v. Vardichand AIR 1980 SC 1622 Page 10 of 16 · 7. A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof M.V. Nayudu (1999) 2 SCC 718 · 8. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar AIR 1991 SC 420 · 9. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India & Ors AIR 1996 SC 982 · 10. In Re. Noise Pollution-Implementation of the Laws for Restrictive Voice of Loudspeakers and High Volume Producing Sound System ,AIR 2005 SC 3136 · 11. Dr. Ashok v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 2298

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986- Definitions

Unit VII — Specific Laws on Environment-III (Wild Life and Forest Laws)

Indian Forest Act, 1927, The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Forest Conservation Rules, 2022, National Forest Policy 1894, 1952, 1988 & 2018, Animal Welfare Board, Cruelty to Animals Generally, Performing animals, Role of NGOs & Role of Judiciary in the rescue of Animals Cases: · 1. T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India (2006) 1 SCC 1 · 2. T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India (1996) 9 SCR 982 · 3. The Goa Foundation & Anr v. The Conservator of the Forests 1999 (2) BomCr 695 · 4. Nature Lovers Movement v. State of Kerala MANU/SC/0486/2009 · 5. Samatha v. State of AP (1997) 8 SCC 191 · 6. Ambica Quarry Works v. State of Gujrat AIR 1987 SC 1073 · 7. Animal Welfare Board · 8. Cruelty to Animals Generally · 9. Performing animals · 10. Role of NGOs & Role of Judiciary in the rescue of Animals · 11. K.M. Chinnapa v. Union of India AIR 2003 SC 724 · 12. Chief Forest Conservator v. Nisar Khan AIR 2003 SCW 1333 · 13. Animal and Environment Legal Defence Fund v. Union of India 1997 (2) SCALE 493 · 14. Wildlife Warden v. Komarrikal Elias (2018) · 15. Centre for Environmental Law, WWF-I v. Union of India (Asiatic Lions Case) · 16. State v Salman Khan (2016)

Unit VIII — Judiciary on Protection of Environment

Absolute Liability, Public Interest Litigation, Sustainable Development, Precautionary Principle, Polluter Pays Principle, Public Trust Doctrine. Cases: · 1. MC Mehta v Union of India, (Ganga Pollution Case) 1988 SCR 2 530 · 2. Charan Lal Sahu etc. v. Union of India, (1990)1 SCC 613 · 3. Bombay Environmental Action Group v State of Maharashtra, AIR1991 Bom 301 · 4. Subhash Kumar v State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC 420 · 5. Tarun Bharat Sangh, Alwar v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 514 · 6. Consumer Education & Research Centre v. Union of India, AIR 1995 SC 922 · 7. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v UOI, AIR 1996 SC 2715 · 8. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v UOI, AIR 1996 SC 1466 · 9. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India & Ors, AIR 1996 SC982 · 10. M.C. Mehta v Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388 · 11. Sachidananda Pandey v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 1109 · 12. S. Jagannath v. Union of India, (1997) 2 SCC 87 · 13. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 734 (Taj Trepizium case) · 14. Samatha v State of AP, (1997) 8 SCC 191 · 15. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v UOI, AIR 1997 SC 1466 · 16. A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof M.V. Nayudu, (1999) 2 SCC 718 · 17. The Goa Foundation & Anr v The Conservator of the Forests, 1999 (2) Bom Cr T.N. 695