White Collar Crime

Unit I — Introduction and Conceptual Understanding

Definitions and Nature of White-Collar Crime · Historical Background: Edwin Sutherland’s Contribution · Essential Features and Socio-Economic Relevance · Comparison with: · Traditional/Street Crimes · Blue-Collar Crimes · Corporate Crimes · Organized Crimes · Societal Consequences and Public Harm · Emergence and Growth in the Indian Context

• Concept of Crime, Components of Crime and Criminal Liability
• Nature and scope — Crime and Criminology

Unit II — Legal Elements and Explanatory Theories

Elements of Criminal Liability in White Collar Crimes: · Mens Rea (Intention) · Actus Reus (Action) · Vicarious Liability · Strict Liability · Criminological Explanations: · Differential Association Theory (Sutherland) · Neutralization Techniques (Sykes & Matza) · Rational Choice Theory (Cornish & Clarke) · Rationalization Techniques and Justifications used by offenders

• Concept of Crime, Components of Crime and Criminal Liability
• The Schools of Criminology Pre-classical School of Criminology The Classical School Neo-classical school Positive School Cartographic School Clinical School of Criminology Sociological School of Criminology Socialist School of Criminology
• Causes of Criminal Behaviors Heredity and Crime Bio-physical factors and criminality

Unit III — Forms and Manifestations of White-Collar Offences

Financial Frauds: Bank frauds, loan scams, embezzlement · Hoarding, Black Marketing, and Food Adulteration · Tax Evasion and Shell Companies · Insider Trading and Securities Fraud · Cyber and Digital Frauds: Phishing, identity theft, online impersonation · Perjury, False Statements, and Obstruction of Justice · Professional Misconduct in: · Medical Profession · Legal Profession · Educational Institutions · Notable Case Examples: Satyam Scam, Harshad Mehta Scam, PNB Scam

• Insider Trading

Unit IV — Indian Legal Framework (Selected Provisions)

Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: · Sec. 316 (Criminal breach of trust and fraud) · Sec. 318 (Cheating), Sec. 336–338 (Forgery and use of forged documents), · Sec. 337 (Falsification of accounts), Sec. 244–247 (False evidence), Sec. 61 (Conspiracy) · Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: · Sec. 7, 8, 9, 13, 17A · Companies Act, 2013: · Sec. 34, 36, 129, 134, 447–449 · Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002: · Sec. 3–5, 8, 17 · Information Technology Act, 2000: · Sec. 43, 66, 66C, 66D, 67 · Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006: · Sec. 26, 50, 59 · Consumer Protection Act, 2019: · Sec. 2(28), 2(47), 82–87 · Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992: · Sec. 12A · SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015: · Reg. 3, 4 · Income Tax Act, 1961: · Sec. 276C, 277

• Offences against property
• Offences relating to documents and property marks
• False Evidence and Offences against public justice

Unit V — Investigative and Regulatory Institutions

Investigative Bodies: · Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) · Enforcement Directorate (ED) · Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) · Regulatory Agencies: · SEBI · Reserve Bank of India (RBI) · Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) · Income Tax Department · Whistleblower Protection: · Legal Framework and Challenges · Procedural Hurdles in Investigation and Prosecution

Unit VI — Judicial Aptitude and Contemporary Trends

Judicial Interpretation of White-Collar Crimes · Role of High Courts and Supreme Court · Important Judgments and Observations · Sentencing Trends and Judicial Discretion · Delays, Bail, and Burden of Proof Issues · Reforms and Emerging Trends in Adjudication